Lion

The Lion

Information
The  lion  ( Panthera leo ) is one of the four  big cats  in the  genus   Panthera  and a member of the family  Felidae. With some males exceeding 250 kg (550 lb) in weight, [4]  it is the second-largest living cat after the  tiger. Wild lions currently exist in  sub-Saharan Africa  and in  Asia  (where an endangered  remnant population resides in  Gir Forest National Park  in  India ) while other types of lions have disappeared from  North Africa  and Southwest Asia  in historic times. Until the late  Pleistocene, about 10,000 years ago, the lion was the most widespread large land mammal after humans. They were found in most of Africa, across Eurasia from western Europe to India, and in the Americas from the  Yukon  to  Peru. [5]  The lion is a  vulnerable species, having seen a major population decline in its African range of 30–50% per two decades during the second half of the 20th century. [2]  Lion populations are untenable outside designated reserves and national parks. Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood, habitat loss and conflicts with humans are currently the greatest causes of concern. Within Africa, the  West African lion  population is particularly endangered.

Lions live for 10–14 years in the wild, while in captivity they can live longer than 20 years. In the wild, males seldom live longer than 10 years, as injuries sustained from continual fighting with rival males greatly reduce their longevity.[6]  They typically inhabit savanna and grassland, although they may take to bush and forest. Lions are unusually social compared to other cats. A pride of lions consists of related females and offspring and a small number of adult males. Groups of female lions typically hunt together, preying mostly on large ungulates. Lions are apex and keystone predators, although they scavenge as opportunity allows. While lions do not typically hunt humans, some have been known to do so. Sleeping mainly during the day, lions are primarily nocturnal, although bordering on crepuscular[7] [8]  in nature.

Highly distinctive, the male lion is easily recognised by its mane, and its face is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture. Depictions have existed from the  Upper Paleolithic  period, with carvings and paintings from the  Lascaux  and  Chauvet Caves, through virtually all ancient and medieval cultures where they once occurred. It has been extensively depicted in sculptures, in paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature. Lions have been kept in  menageries  since the time of the  Roman Empire, and have been a key species sought for exhibition in  zoos  over the world since the late eighteenth century. Zoos are cooperating worldwide in breeding programs for the endangered  Asiatic subspecies.

source:wikipedia.org

Height and Weight
The lion is the tallest (at the shoulder) of all living cats, averaging approximately 5 cm (2.0 in) taller than the tiger. Behind only the tiger, the lion is the second largest living felid in length and weight. Its skull is very similar to that of the tiger, although the frontal region is usually more depressed and flattened, with a slightly shorter postorbital region. The lion's skull has broader nasal openings than the tiger, however, due to the amount of skull variation in the two species, usually, only the structure of the lower jaw can be used as a reliable indicator of species. [46]  Lion coloration varies from light buff to yellowish, reddish, or dark ochraceous brown. The underparts are generally lighter and the tail tuft is black. Lion cubs are born with brown  rosettes (spots) on their body, rather like those of a leopard. Although these fade as lions reach adulthood, faint spots often may still be seen on the legs and underparts, particularly on lionesses.

Lions are the only members of the cat family to display obvious sexual dimorphism – that is, males and females look distinctly different. They also have specialised roles that each gender plays in the pride. For instance, the lioness, the hunter, lacks the male's thick mane. The colour of the male's mane varies from blond to black, generally becoming darker as the lion grows older.

During confrontations with others, the mane makes the lion look largerWeights for adult lions range between 150–250 kg (330–550 lb) for males and 120–182 kg (264–400 lb) for females.[4]  Nowell and Jackson report average weights of 181 kg (400 lb) for males and 126 kg (280 lb) for females.[25]  Lions tend to vary in size depending on their environment and area, resulting in a wide spread in recorded weights. For instance, lions in southern Africa tend to be about 5% heavier than those in East Africa, in general.[47]

Head and body length is 170–250 cm (5 ft 7 in – 8 ft 2 in) in males and 140–175 cm (4 ft 7 in – 5 ft 9 in) in females; shoulder height is up to 123 cm (4 ft) in males and as low as 91 cm (3 ft) in females.[48]  The tail length is 90–105 cm (2 ft 11 in – 3 ft 5 in) in males and 70–100 cm in females (2 ft 4 in – 3 ft 3 in).[4]  The longest known lion, at nearly 3.6 m (12 ft) in total length, was a black-maned male shot near Mucsso, southern Angola in October 1973; the heaviest lion known in the wild was a man-eater shot in 1936 just outside Hectorspruit in eastern Transvaal, South Africa and weighed 313 kg (690 lb).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[49]  Another notably outsized male lion, which was shot near Mount Kenya, weighed in at 272 kg (600 lb).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CAP_25-2" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[25]  Lions in captivity tend to be larger than lions in the wild – the heaviest lion on record is a male at Colchester Zoo in England named Simba in 1970, which weighed 375 kg (826 lb).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[50] However, the frequently cited maximum head and body length of 250 cm (8 ft 2 in) fits rather to extinct Pleistocene forms, like the American lion, with even large modern lions measuring several centimeters less in length.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[51]

The most distinctive characteristic shared by both females and males is that the tail ends in a hairy tuft. In some lions, the tuft conceals a hard "spine" or "spur", approximately 5 mm long, formed of the final sections of tail bone fused together. The lion is the only felid to have a tufted tail – the function of the tuft and spine are unknown. Absent at birth, the tuft develops around 5½ months of age and is readily identifiable at 7 months. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schaller28_52-0" style="font-family:sans-serif;line-height:1em;unicode-bidi:-webkit-isolate;">[52]source:wikipedia.org